Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. There are reports that during the last ten years of the Dutch East India Company's rule (1795), 2,504 "Bushmen" were killed, 669 captured and 276 colonists ( Khoikhoi) slain. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. . In 2004, Somali Bantus from this group began arriving for permanent resettlement in the U.S. Acts of genocide are normally committed by state agents, for example by soldiers in the employ of the national military or by militias who have the support of those who hold state power. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. . From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. 2002). Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Even then Bantus aren't native to Tanzania. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. The early stages of migration were slow. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). If it was not Continue Reading 26 18 Matt Jennings Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. Bantu Expansion - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. fall into the classification of genocide. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. See below. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. This monumental event has attracted significant debate and speculation that recent research has endeavored to resolve. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. This inspired the Bantu to conquer more areas to capture more slaves and expand further . Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. The story begins with a popular African tale. Quick History Lesson: The severity of the Bantu Expansion () - Thread He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. In Eastern and Southern Africa, Bantu speakers may have adopted livestock husbandry from other unrelated Cushitic-and Nilotic-speaking peoples they encountered. Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. 22 January 2009. Archaeologies of the Bantu Expansion | The Oxford Handbook of African The outlines of the fourth stage can be established very largely from traditional evidence. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. It is thought that Central African Pygmies and Bantus branched out from a common ancestral population c. 70,000 years ago. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. If you would like to reproduce it please get in touch via this form. View all Google Scholar citations The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Any proof of their numbers? Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. It's not white supremacist to study history. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa Reading time: 4 minutes About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. Bantu Expansion isnt real. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. Your email address will not be published. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. The migrants settled in three primary areas. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. These are huge areas. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. For example, one study found this to be the case in Bantu language speakers who are African Pygmies or are in Mozambique,[27] while another population genetic study found this to be the case in the Bantu language-speaking Lemba of Southern Africa. Another stream of migration, having moved east by 3,000 years ago (1000BC), was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. The linguistic core of the Bantu languages, which comprise a branch of the Atlantic-Congo language family, was located in the southern regions of Cameroon. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History How can you have a Cracka, talking about African History?? Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Oliver and Mathew, op. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. Linguists, classifying the languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. That shows sexual migratory activity not genocide. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, "The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", "On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of NigerCongo groups", "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route", "Early migrations into East Africa | Enzi", "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set", "Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa", "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion", "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals", "Bantu Language Trees Reflect the Spread of Farming across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Maximum-Parsimony Analysis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_expansion&oldid=1142078895, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:21. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. They are from Western Africa and East African countries like Tanzania. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. The Bantu Migration/Expansion was a complex event thus the interactions between the Bantu and non-Bantu were also complex. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. Total loading time: 0 Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system.

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